Last Updated: May 2026
PART I (1–10)
Landmark Supreme Court Judgments
1. In Lucknow Development Authority v. M.K. Gupta, the Supreme Court held that:
A. Housing construction is not a service
B. Housing authorities are not liable under consumer law
C. Housing construction is a service under consumer protection law
D. Consumer courts have no jurisdiction
Answer: C
Explanation: The Court held that housing construction by development authorities constitutes a "service", and consumers may seek compensation for deficiency.
2. In Morgan Stanley Mutual Fund v. Kartick Das, the Supreme Court held that:
A. Share applicants are consumers before allotment
B. Shares before allotment are not goods
C. Share investors always qualify as consumers
D. Civil court has jurisdiction only
Answer: B
Explanation: The Court held that before allotment of shares there is no sale of goods, hence the applicant is not yet a consumer.
3. In Fair Air Engineers Pvt. Ltd. v. N.K. Modi, the Supreme Court held that:
A. Arbitration clause bars consumer complaint
B. Arbitration clause does not bar consumer complaint
C. Consumer forums cannot hear arbitration disputes
D. Arbitration must be used first
Answer: B
Explanation: The Court held that consumer remedies are additional and arbitration clause does not bar consumer complaint.
4. In National Seeds Corporation Ltd. v. M. Madhusudhan Reddy (2012) the Court held that:
A. Farmers are not consumers
B. Farmers buying seeds for cultivation are consumers
C. Agricultural disputes cannot be consumer disputes
D. Only civil courts can decide such disputes
Answer: B
Explanation: Farmers who purchase seeds for cultivation are considered consumers under the Act.
5. In Ireo Grace Realtech Pvt. Ltd. v. Abhishek Khanna (2021) the Supreme Court held that:
A. One-sided builder agreements are valid
B. One-sided agreements may constitute unfair trade practice
C. Builders have absolute power
D. Consumer courts lack jurisdiction
Answer: B
Explanation: The Court held that unfair and one-sided contractual clauses in builder-buyer agreements constitute unfair trade practices.
6. In Neena Aneja v. Jai Prakash Associates Ltd. (2021) the Supreme Court held that:
A. Consumer Protection Act 2019 applies retrospectively
B. Cases filed under 1986 Act will continue under that Act
C. Civil courts decide disputes
D. Arbitration clause mandatory
Answer: B
Explanation: The Court clarified that pending complaints filed under the 1986 Act will continue to be governed by that Act.
7. In Bar of Indian Lawyers v. D.K. Gandhi (2024) the Supreme Court held that:
A. Advocates are liable under Consumer Protection Act
B. Advocates are not liable for deficiency in services under Consumer Protection Act
C. Legal services are goods under consumer law
D. Consumer forums have jurisdiction over advocates
Answer: B
Explanation: The Supreme Court on May 14, 2024 held that advocates are not liable for alleged deficiencies in services under the Consumer Protection Acts, distinguishing the legal profession from medical profession.
8. In Indian Medical Association v. V.P. Shantha, the Court held that:
A. Medical services fall outside consumer law
B. Medical services are included under "service"
C. Doctors cannot be sued
D. Consumer forums lack jurisdiction
Answer: B
Explanation: The Supreme Court held that medical services are covered under consumer law except free services.
9. In M/S Imperia Structures Ltd. v. Anil Patni (2020) the Supreme Court held that:
A. RERA bars consumer complaint
B. Consumer Protection Act remedies are additional to RERA remedies
C. Consumer forums have no jurisdiction over real estate
D. Arbitration mandatory for real estate disputes
Answer: B
Explanation: The Court held that remedies under Consumer Protection Act 2019 are additional remedies over and above all other remedies including those under special legislation like RERA.
10. In Citicorp Finance (India) Ltd. v. Snehasis Nanda (2025) the Supreme Court held that:
A. Privity of contract is not required under consumer law
B. Consumer definition requires privity of contract with service provider
C. NCDRC can draw adverse inference without evidence
D. Arbitration clause bars consumer complaint
Answer: B
Explanation: The Supreme Court clarified that a person must have privity of contract with the service provider to qualify as a consumer under the Act.
PART II (11–20)
NCDRC Judgments & Jurisdiction
11. NCDRC is established under:
A. Consumer Protection Act
B. Companies Act
C. Competition Act
D. Arbitration Act
Answer: A
Explanation: The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission is the apex consumer forum established under the Consumer Protection Act.
12. NCDRC has jurisdiction over claims exceeding:
A. ₹1 crore
B. ₹5 crore
C. ₹10 crore
D. ₹20 crore
Answer: C
Explanation: Under the Consumer Protection Act 2019, NCDRC hears cases where consideration paid exceeds ₹10 crore.
13. NCDRC revisional jurisdiction applies to:
A. All orders of State Commission
B. Only appellate orders of State Commission
C. Orders passed by State Commission in appellate jurisdiction or original complaints
D. Orders of District Commission only
Answer: C
Explanation: As clarified in Vivo Mobile India Pvt. Ltd. vs. Mavuram Sujatha, NCDRC revisional jurisdiction applies only to orders passed by State Commission in its appellate jurisdiction or in original complaints.
14. NCDRC decisions are appealable to:
A. High Court
B. Supreme Court
C. District Commission
D. State Commission
Answer: B
Explanation: Appeals against NCDRC orders lie before the Supreme Court of India.
15. In cases of delay in housing possession, an allottee is entitled to:
A. No remedy
B. Refund with reasonable interest
C. Criminal action only
D. Arbitration only
Answer: B
Explanation: As held in Bangalore Development Authority v. Syndicate Bank, an allottee is entitled to refund with reasonable interest when possession is not delivered in time.
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PART III (16–25)
Consumer Rights, E-Commerce & Recent Developments
16. A corporate entity purchasing property for personal use of its director qualifies as:
A. Not a consumer
B. A consumer under Consumer Protection Act
C. A commercial entity only
D. Subject to Companies Act only
Answer: B
Explanation: As held in KLDP v. Omkar Realtors, a corporate entity purchasing for personal use of a director and not for commercial purposes qualifies as a consumer.
17. Insurance companies enforcing impossible conditions in policies may amount to:
A. Valid contract
B. Deficiency in service
C. Criminal offence
D. Tax violation
Answer: B
Explanation: As held in Sohom Shipping Pvt. Ltd. v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (2025), insurance companies cannot enforce impossible conditions in their policies.
18. Under Consumer Protection Act 2019, penalty for misleading advertisement for first offence is:
A. ₹1 lakh
B. ₹5 lakh
C. ₹10 lakh
D. ₹50 lakh
Answer: C
Explanation: The Act provides penalty of ₹10 lakh for first offence and up to ₹50 lakh for subsequent offences for misleading advertisements.
19. E-commerce transactions are specifically regulated under:
A. Consumer Protection Act, 2019
B. Contract Act, 1872
C. Companies Act, 2013
D. Competition Act, 2002
Answer: A
Explanation: The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020 regulate online marketplaces and protect consumers engaging in digital transactions.
20. The limitation period for filing a consumer complaint under Consumer Protection Act, 2019 is:
A. 1 year
B. 2 years
C. 3 years
D. 5 years
Answer: B
Explanation: Under Section 69 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, a complaint must normally be filed within two years from the date on which the cause of action arises.
21. Medical professional's duty under consumer law extends to:
A. Surgery only
B. Pre-operative care only
C. Post-operative care only
D. Pre and post-operative care including surgery
Answer: D
Explanation: As held in Najrul Seikh v. Dr. Sumit Banerjee (2024), a medical practitioner's duty extends beyond surgery and encompasses pre and post-operative care.
22. Consumer Protection Act 2019 provides how many major consumer rights?
A. Four
B. Five
C. Six
D. Eight
Answer: C
Explanation: The Consumer Protection Act 2019 established six major consumer rights including protection from hazardous goods, right to information, access to competitive prices, and right to seek redress.
23. Territorial jurisdiction of Consumer Commission under 2019 Act includes:
A. Place where opposite party resides
B. Place where cause of action arises
C. Place where consumer resides or works
D. All of the above
Answer: D
Explanation: The 2019 Act expanded jurisdiction allowing complaints where the consumer resides or works for gain.
24. Orders of Consumer Commissions are enforceable as:
A. Arbitration awards
B. Civil court decrees
C. Police orders
D. Administrative orders
Answer: B
Explanation: Orders of Consumer Commissions are enforceable like decrees of a civil court.
25. Under Consumer Protection Act 2019, the pecuniary jurisdiction of District Consumer Commission is:
A. Up to ₹50 lakh
B. Up to ₹1 crore
C. Up to ₹2 crore
D. Up to ₹5 crore
Answer: B
Explanation: Under the Consumer Protection Act 2019, the District Consumer Commission has jurisdiction where the value of goods or services paid as consideration does not exceed ₹1 crore.
Disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes only. Always refer to official sources and latest judgments for accurate legal information.